{
  "schema_version": "1.1.0",
  "as_of": "2026-09-23",
  "methodology": "Curated policy snapshot. An enacted statute includes narrow testing or pilot laws; EO history includes rescinded orders. Secondary survey classifications require primary-text review. No-policy-record is not a finding that AV operation is legal or illegal. Dates are null when enactment date is unverified.",
  "federal": [
    {
      "id": "fmvss-2018-rfc",
      "level": "federal",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "title": "FMVSS barrier review",
      "summary": "NHTSA requested public comment on standards that might impede certification or testing of ADS vehicles without human driving controls. This request did not amend a standard.",
      "takeaway": "NHTSA requested public comment on standards that might impede certification or testing of ADS vehicles without human driving controls",
      "instrument": "FMVSS rulemaking",
      "status": "request_for_comment",
      "date": "2018-01-18",
      "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2018/01/18/2018-00671/removing-regulatory-barriers-for-vehicles-with-automated-driving-systems",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "fmvss": []
    },
    {
      "id": "fmvss-2019-anprm",
      "level": "federal",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "title": "Removing regulatory barriers for ADS vehicles",
      "summary": "Advanced notice sought input on adapting crash avoidance standards for vehicles without traditional manual controls; it did not change an FMVSS.",
      "takeaway": "Advanced notice sought input on adapting crash avoidance standards for vehicles without traditional manual controls; it did not change an FMVSS",
      "instrument": "FMVSS rulemaking",
      "status": "advance_notice",
      "date": "2019-05-28",
      "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/05/28/2019-11032/removing-regulatory-barriers-for-vehicles-with-automated-driving-systems",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "fmvss": []
    },
    {
      "id": "fmvss-2020-nprm",
      "level": "federal",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "title": "Occupant protection proposal",
      "summary": "Proposed adapting 11 numbered crash protection standards for ADS vehicles without conventional driving controls; the final rule later added changes to 212 and 219.",
      "takeaway": "Proposed adapting 11 numbered crash protection standards for ADS vehicles without conventional driving controls; the final rule later added changes to 212 and 219",
      "instrument": "FMVSS rulemaking",
      "status": "superseded_by_final",
      "date": "2020-03-30",
      "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2020-05886",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "fmvss": [
        "201",
        "203",
        "204",
        "205",
        "206",
        "207",
        "208",
        "214",
        "216a",
        "225",
        "226"
      ],
      "scope": "ADS-specific"
    },
    {
      "id": "fmvss-2022-final",
      "level": "federal",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "title": "Occupant protection final rule",
      "summary": "Amended 13 numbered standards for ADS vehicles without traditional manual driving controls, including FMVSS 204's exclusion for vehicles without steering controls. This addresses vehicle crash protection, not ADS driving performance.",
      "takeaway": "Amended 13 numbered standards for ADS vehicles without traditional manual driving controls, including FMVSS 204's exclusion for vehicles without steering controls",
      "instrument": "FMVSS rulemaking",
      "status": "effective",
      "date": "2022-03-30",
      "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2022-05426",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "fmvss": [
        "201",
        "203",
        "204",
        "205",
        "206",
        "207",
        "208",
        "212",
        "214",
        "216a",
        "219",
        "225",
        "226"
      ],
      "scope": "ADS-specific",
      "effective_date": "2022-09-26",
      "proposal_date": "2020-03-30",
      "proposal_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2020-05886"
    },
    {
      "id": "fmvss-204-2026",
      "level": "federal",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "title": "Steering control rearward displacement · FMVSS 204",
      "summary": "A separate, generally applicable rule excludes vehicles certified to FMVSS 208 frontal barrier crash protection from FMVSS 204's steering column rearward displacement requirements and removes obsolete text. It is relevant to AV design but is not an ADS-specific rule.",
      "takeaway": "Exempts FMVSS 208-certified vehicles from the steering-column displacement test",
      "instrument": "FMVSS rulemaking",
      "status": "effective",
      "date": "2026-06-03",
      "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2026-11080",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "fmvss": [
        "204"
      ],
      "scope": "related vehicle design",
      "effective_date": "2026-07-06",
      "proposal_date": "2025-05-30",
      "proposal_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2025-09738"
    },
    {
      "id": "fmvss-102-2026",
      "level": "federal",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "title": "Transmission displays · FMVSS 102",
      "summary": "Proposed changes to requirements written around human-operated transmission controls in ADS-equipped vehicles.",
      "takeaway": "Would adapt transmission-display rules for vehicles without manual controls",
      "instrument": "FMVSS rulemaking",
      "status": "under_review",
      "date": "2026-03-16",
      "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2026-05024",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "fmvss": [
        "102"
      ],
      "comment_deadline": "2026-04-15"
    },
    {
      "id": "fmvss-103-104-2026",
      "level": "federal",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "title": "Defrosting and windshield wiping · FMVSS 103/104",
      "summary": "Proposed changes to defrosting and wiping requirements for ADS vehicles without conventional driver controls.",
      "takeaway": "Would adapt defrosting and wiper rules for driverless designs",
      "instrument": "FMVSS rulemaking",
      "status": "under_review",
      "date": "2026-03-16",
      "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2026-05023",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "fmvss": [
        "103",
        "104"
      ],
      "comment_deadline": "2026-04-15"
    },
    {
      "id": "fmvss-110-2026",
      "level": "federal",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "title": "Tire placards · FMVSS 110",
      "summary": "Proposed adapting tire information placard requirements to ADS-equipped vehicle designs.",
      "takeaway": "Would adapt tire-information placards for ADS vehicle designs",
      "instrument": "FMVSS rulemaking",
      "status": "under_review",
      "date": "2026-04-01",
      "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2026-06254",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "fmvss": [
        "110"
      ],
      "comment_deadline": "2026-05-01"
    },
    {
      "id": "fmvss-135-2026",
      "level": "federal",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "title": "Brake controls · FMVSS 135",
      "summary": "Proposed removing the manual brake pedal requirement for vehicles designed exclusively for ADS operation while retaining braking performance requirements.",
      "takeaway": "Would remove the brake-pedal requirement for ADS-only vehicles; braking standards remain",
      "instrument": "FMVSS rulemaking",
      "status": "under_review",
      "date": "2026-06-26",
      "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2026-12981",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "fmvss": [
        "135"
      ],
      "comment_deadline": "2026-08-26",
      "comment_extension_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2026-15231"
    },
    {
      "id": "fmvss-201-2022",
      "level": "federal",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "title": "FMVSS 201 · Interior impact",
      "summary": "Revised interior impact applicability and test references for vehicles without a conventional driver's seating position.",
      "takeaway": "Adapts interior-impact tests for vehicles without a driver seat",
      "instrument": "FMVSS rulemaking",
      "status": "effective",
      "date": "2022-03-30",
      "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2022-05426",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "fmvss": [
        "201"
      ],
      "scope": "ADS-specific",
      "rulemaking_id": "fmvss-2022-final",
      "effective_date": "2022-09-26",
      "proposal_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2020-05886"
    },
    {
      "id": "fmvss-203-2022",
      "level": "federal",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "title": "FMVSS 203 · Steering control impact",
      "summary": "Excluded vehicles without steering controls from the steering control impact standard.",
      "takeaway": "Exempts vehicles without steering controls from steering-control impact tests",
      "instrument": "FMVSS rulemaking",
      "status": "effective",
      "date": "2022-03-30",
      "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2022-05426",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "fmvss": [
        "203"
      ],
      "scope": "ADS-specific",
      "rulemaking_id": "fmvss-2022-final",
      "effective_date": "2022-09-26",
      "proposal_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2020-05886"
    },
    {
      "id": "fmvss-204-2022",
      "level": "federal",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "title": "FMVSS 204 · Steering control rearward displacement",
      "summary": "Excluded vehicles without steering controls from the steering column displacement standard.",
      "takeaway": "Exempts vehicles without steering controls from steering-column displacement tests",
      "instrument": "FMVSS rulemaking",
      "status": "effective",
      "date": "2022-03-30",
      "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2022-05426",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "fmvss": [
        "204"
      ],
      "scope": "ADS-specific",
      "rulemaking_id": "fmvss-2022-final",
      "effective_date": "2022-09-26",
      "proposal_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2020-05886"
    },
    {
      "id": "fmvss-205-2022",
      "level": "federal",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "title": "FMVSS 205 · Glazing materials",
      "summary": "Updated the glazing standard's application to trucks designed to carry at least one person.",
      "takeaway": "Updates glazing rules for trucks designed to carry occupants",
      "instrument": "FMVSS rulemaking",
      "status": "effective",
      "date": "2022-03-30",
      "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2022-05426",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "fmvss": [
        "205"
      ],
      "scope": "ADS-specific",
      "rulemaking_id": "fmvss-2022-final",
      "effective_date": "2022-09-26",
      "proposal_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2020-05886"
    },
    {
      "id": "fmvss-206-2022",
      "level": "federal",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "title": "FMVSS 206 · Door locks and retention",
      "summary": "Updated door definitions and applicability for vehicles without a conventional driver's seating position.",
      "takeaway": "Updates door-lock rules for vehicles without a conventional driver seat",
      "instrument": "FMVSS rulemaking",
      "status": "effective",
      "date": "2022-03-30",
      "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2022-05426",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "fmvss": [
        "206"
      ],
      "scope": "ADS-specific",
      "rulemaking_id": "fmvss-2022-final",
      "effective_date": "2022-09-26",
      "proposal_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2020-05886"
    },
    {
      "id": "fmvss-207-2022",
      "level": "federal",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "title": "FMVSS 207 · Seating systems",
      "summary": "Required a designated driver's seat only where manually operated driving controls are present.",
      "takeaway": "Requires a driver seat only when manual driving controls are present",
      "instrument": "FMVSS rulemaking",
      "status": "effective",
      "date": "2022-03-30",
      "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2022-05426",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "fmvss": [
        "207"
      ],
      "scope": "ADS-specific",
      "rulemaking_id": "fmvss-2022-final",
      "effective_date": "2022-09-26",
      "proposal_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2020-05886"
    },
    {
      "id": "fmvss-208-2022",
      "level": "federal",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "title": "FMVSS 208 · Occupant crash protection",
      "summary": "Revised crash protection requirements, seating terminology and test procedures for vehicles without manual driving controls.",
      "takeaway": "Adapts occupant crash protection and testing for vehicles without manual controls",
      "instrument": "FMVSS rulemaking",
      "status": "effective",
      "date": "2022-03-30",
      "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2022-05426",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "fmvss": [
        "208"
      ],
      "scope": "ADS-specific",
      "rulemaking_id": "fmvss-2022-final",
      "effective_date": "2022-09-26",
      "proposal_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2020-05886"
    },
    {
      "id": "fmvss-212-2022",
      "level": "federal",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "title": "FMVSS 212 · Windshield mounting",
      "summary": "Conforming applicability change for trucks designed to carry at least one person, added in the final rule.",
      "takeaway": "Updates windshield-mounting coverage for trucks carrying occupants",
      "instrument": "FMVSS rulemaking",
      "status": "effective",
      "date": "2022-03-30",
      "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2022-05426",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "fmvss": [
        "212"
      ],
      "scope": "ADS-specific",
      "rulemaking_id": "fmvss-2022-final",
      "effective_date": "2022-09-26",
      "added_in_final": true
    },
    {
      "id": "fmvss-214-2022",
      "level": "federal",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "title": "FMVSS 214 · Side impact protection",
      "summary": "Revised side impact test procedures and seating references for vehicles without traditional driver controls.",
      "takeaway": "Adapts side-impact tests for vehicles without conventional driver controls",
      "instrument": "FMVSS rulemaking",
      "status": "effective",
      "date": "2022-03-30",
      "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2022-05426",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "fmvss": [
        "214"
      ],
      "scope": "ADS-specific",
      "rulemaking_id": "fmvss-2022-final",
      "effective_date": "2022-09-26",
      "proposal_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2020-05886"
    },
    {
      "id": "fmvss-216a-2022",
      "level": "federal",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "title": "FMVSS 216a · Roof crush resistance",
      "summary": "Updated applicability and test setup for roof crush protection in vehicles designed to carry occupants.",
      "takeaway": "Updates roof-crush test setup for vehicles designed to carry occupants",
      "instrument": "FMVSS rulemaking",
      "status": "effective",
      "date": "2022-03-30",
      "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2022-05426",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "fmvss": [
        "216a"
      ],
      "scope": "ADS-specific",
      "rulemaking_id": "fmvss-2022-final",
      "effective_date": "2022-09-26",
      "proposal_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2020-05886"
    },
    {
      "id": "fmvss-219-2022",
      "level": "federal",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "title": "FMVSS 219 · Windshield zone intrusion",
      "summary": "Conforming applicability change for trucks designed to carry at least one person, added in the final rule.",
      "takeaway": "Updates windshield-intrusion coverage for trucks carrying occupants",
      "instrument": "FMVSS rulemaking",
      "status": "effective",
      "date": "2022-03-30",
      "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2022-05426",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "fmvss": [
        "219"
      ],
      "scope": "ADS-specific",
      "rulemaking_id": "fmvss-2022-final",
      "effective_date": "2022-09-26",
      "added_in_final": true
    },
    {
      "id": "fmvss-225-2022",
      "level": "federal",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "title": "FMVSS 225 · Child restraint anchorages",
      "summary": "Revised the shuttle bus definition to account for buses without manual driving controls.",
      "takeaway": "Updates the shuttle-bus definition for buses without manual controls",
      "instrument": "FMVSS rulemaking",
      "status": "effective",
      "date": "2022-03-30",
      "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2022-05426",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "fmvss": [
        "225"
      ],
      "scope": "ADS-specific",
      "rulemaking_id": "fmvss-2022-final",
      "effective_date": "2022-09-26",
      "proposal_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2020-05886"
    },
    {
      "id": "fmvss-226-2022",
      "level": "federal",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "title": "FMVSS 226 · Ejection mitigation",
      "summary": "Updated applicability and test setup for ejection mitigation in vehicles without conventional driver controls.",
      "takeaway": "Adapts ejection-mitigation tests for vehicles without conventional driver controls",
      "instrument": "FMVSS rulemaking",
      "status": "effective",
      "date": "2022-03-30",
      "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2022-05426",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "fmvss": [
        "226"
      ],
      "scope": "ADS-specific",
      "rulemaking_id": "fmvss-2022-final",
      "effective_date": "2022-09-26",
      "proposal_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2020-05886"
    }
  ],
  "federal_oversight": [
    {
      "id": "nhtsa-sgo-2021",
      "level": "federal",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "title": "Standing General Order crash reporting",
      "summary": "NHTSA ordered specified ADS and Level 2 ADAS crash reports from manufacturers and operators; the reports are not determinations of fault.",
      "takeaway": "NHTSA ordered specified ADS and Level 2 ADAS crash reports from manufacturers and operators; the reports are not determinations of fault",
      "instrument": "oversight order",
      "status": "in_effect_as_amended",
      "date": "2021-06-29",
      "source_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/press-releases/nhtsa-orders-crash-reporting-vehicles-equipped-advanced-driver-assistance-systems",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "nhtsa-sgo-2025",
      "level": "federal",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "title": "Third amended Standing General Order",
      "summary": "NHTSA revised ADS crash reporting requirements in April 2025. Review the current order and amendments for applicable thresholds and deadlines.",
      "takeaway": "NHTSA revised ADS crash reporting requirements in April 2025",
      "instrument": "oversight order",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": "2025-04-24",
      "source_url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/laws-regulations/standing-general-order-crash-reporting",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "nhtsa-av-step-2025",
      "level": "federal",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "title": "AV STEP proposal",
      "summary": "Proposed a voluntary ADS safety transparency and evaluation program. NHTSA withdrew this proposal in June 2026; no AV STEP program took effect.",
      "takeaway": "Proposed a voluntary ADS safety transparency and evaluation program",
      "instrument": "proposed program",
      "status": "withdrawn",
      "date": "2025-01-15",
      "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/01/15/2024-30854/ads-equipped-vehicle-safety-transparency-and-evaluation-program",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "id": "nhtsa-av-step-2026",
      "level": "federal",
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "title": "AV STEP withdrawal",
      "summary": "NHTSA formally withdrew the 2025 AV STEP proposed rulemaking.",
      "takeaway": "NHTSA formally withdrew the 2025 AV STEP proposed rulemaking",
      "instrument": "withdrawal",
      "status": "final",
      "date": "2026-06-26",
      "source_url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/06/26/2026-12980/ads-equipped-vehicle-safety-transparency-and-evaluation-program-withdrawal",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    }
  ],
  "states": [
    {
      "code": "AL",
      "name": "Alabama",
      "framework": "Commercial vehicles only",
      "analysis": "Alabama's AV-specific statute governs automated commercial vehicles. Its scope does not establish a general passenger robotaxi pathway.",
      "oversight": "Alabama DOT has state-level jurisdiction under the commercial vehicle framework.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/files/pdf/SearchableInstruments/2019RS/PrintFiles/SB47-Enr.pdf",
      "source_label": "Alabama SB 47 enrolled text",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "AK",
      "name": "Alaska",
      "framework": "No enacted AV operation framework identified",
      "analysis": "Proposals to restrict autonomous operation and assign operator liability remained under consideration in the 2026 survey. Proposed bills are not current operating authority.",
      "oversight": "General motor vehicle law applies while the proposed AV measures remain unenacted.",
      "enacted_legislation": false,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://www.bakerdonelson.com/avmap",
      "source_label": "State law survey (secondary source; verify primary text)",
      "source_tier": "secondary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "AZ",
      "name": "Arizona",
      "framework": "Notification and certification",
      "analysis": "Arizona's AV framework grew from executive orders in 2015 and 2018. The state provides notification and certification guidance before testing and operation. A company operating in Arizona should not be interpreted as having statewide service coverage.",
      "oversight": "Arizona MVD notification and certification.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": true,
      "source_url": "https://azdot.gov/mvd/services/professional-services/autonomous-vehicles-testing-and-operating-state-arizona",
      "source_label": "Arizona DOT AV framework and HB 2813 history",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "AR",
      "name": "Arkansas",
      "framework": "Driverless operation with submissions",
      "analysis": "Arkansas permits driverless operation when statutory conditions and advance submissions, including commercial-purpose information, are satisfied.",
      "oversight": "State submission and applicable traffic and vehicle rules.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/Bills/Detail?ddBienniumSession=2019%2F2019R&id=HB1561",
      "source_label": "Arkansas HB 1561 · AV pilot program",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "CA",
      "name": "California",
      "framework": "Separate testing and deployment permits",
      "analysis": "DMV regulates AV testing and deployment under Articles 3.7 and 3.8. Its 2026 update followed a draft, formal proposal and two modified comment rounds. CPUC separately authorizes passenger service: test pilots cannot charge fares, while deployment programs can. A DMV permit alone does not authorize paid rides.",
      "oversight": "DMV: vehicle testing, deployment permits and reporting. CPUC: passenger service pilots, fare-charging deployment, passenger safety and service reporting.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/vehicle-industry-services/autonomous-vehicles/",
      "source_label": "California DMV AV program",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "CO",
      "name": "Colorado",
      "framework": "AV operating framework; truck restrictions vetoed",
      "analysis": "Colorado has an AV statute, while proposed in-vehicle human requirements for automated commercial trucks were vetoed in both 2025 and 2026. A vetoed bill cannot be treated as a current restriction.",
      "oversight": "State motor vehicle law and any applicable testing conditions.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb17-213",
      "source_label": "Colorado SB 17-213",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "CT",
      "name": "Connecticut",
      "framework": "Municipal pilot program",
      "analysis": "Connecticut's dedicated AV pathway centers on a limited pilot involving selected municipalities. A pilot law is not blanket authority for commercial deployment statewide.",
      "oversight": "Pilot approval and participating municipalities.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://www.cga.ct.gov/2017/act/pa/2017PA-00069-R00SB-00260-PA.htm",
      "source_label": "Connecticut Public Act 17-69",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "DE",
      "name": "Delaware",
      "framework": "No enacted AV-specific operating statute identified",
      "analysis": "Delaware's 2025 proposal to require an onboard operator failed. Its AV advisory activity does not itself grant a commercial permit.",
      "oversight": "Ordinary vehicle rules; no distinct statewide commercial AV permit identified in the guide.",
      "enacted_legislation": false,
      "executive_order_history": true,
      "source_url": "https://www.bakerdonelson.com/avmap",
      "source_label": "State law survey (secondary source; verify primary text)",
      "source_tier": "secondary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "FL",
      "name": "Florida",
      "framework": "Statutory operation pathway",
      "analysis": "Florida law allows driverless AV operation subject to statutory conditions. This review has not established a separate public company-level permit roster; a service announcement is not a state-issued ODD boundary.",
      "oversight": "Vehicle registration and statutory operating requirements.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2025/316.85",
      "source_label": "Florida Statutes § 316.85",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "GA",
      "name": "Georgia",
      "framework": "ADS-specific statutory framework",
      "analysis": "Georgia enacted rules for fully autonomous vehicles through SB 219. The Observatory has operating evidence, but has not located a public state holder roster; the statute and an operator's actual service geography answer different questions.",
      "oversight": "State motor vehicle law and applicable service regulation.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://www.legis.ga.gov/Legislation/20172018/170801.pdf",
      "source_label": "Georgia SB 219",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "HI",
      "name": "Hawaii",
      "framework": "Testing pilot legislation",
      "analysis": "Act 21 (2020) established a state AV testing pilot with an onboard human driver and a report to the 2023 legislature. It did not grant broad driverless commercial authority.",
      "oversight": "Hawaii DOT determined eligible pilot testers.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://data.capitol.hawaii.gov/sessions/sessionlaws/Years/SLH2020/SLH2020_Act21.pdf",
      "source_label": "Hawaii Act 21 (2020)",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "ID",
      "name": "Idaho",
      "framework": "Planning and agency coordination",
      "analysis": "Idaho's executive-order committee examined testing and deployment issues. The 2026 survey identified no enacted AV-specific operating statute.",
      "oversight": "General motor vehicle requirements and agency guidance.",
      "enacted_legislation": false,
      "executive_order_history": true,
      "source_url": "https://www.bakerdonelson.com/avmap",
      "source_label": "State law survey (secondary source; verify primary text)",
      "source_tier": "secondary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "IL",
      "name": "Illinois",
      "framework": "State preemption of local prohibitions",
      "analysis": "Illinois law limits local governments' ability to prohibit AVs, but that rule alone does not establish a statewide permit or demonstrate an active commercial service.",
      "oversight": "State vehicle and traffic law; local powers are constrained by statute.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": true,
      "source_url": "https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/fulltext?DocName=062500050K11-208",
      "source_label": "Illinois Vehicle Code § 11-208(e-10)",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "IN",
      "name": "Indiana",
      "framework": "No enacted AV-specific operating statute identified",
      "analysis": "Indiana's 2025 bill addressing autonomous tractor-trailers failed. The 2026 survey did not identify a dedicated AV operating law.",
      "oversight": "Ordinary vehicle and commercial-carrier requirements.",
      "enacted_legislation": false,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://www.bakerdonelson.com/avmap",
      "source_label": "State law survey (secondary source; verify primary text)",
      "source_tier": "secondary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "IA",
      "name": "Iowa",
      "framework": "Statutory operating pathway",
      "analysis": "Iowa's statute addresses operation of automated driving systems. Multiple proposed 2026 changes failed, so those proposals should not be counted as current conditions.",
      "oversight": "State traffic and vehicle requirements under Iowa's AV statute.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/321.514.pdf",
      "source_label": "Iowa Code § 321.514",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "KS",
      "name": "Kansas",
      "framework": "Private and commercial operation pathway",
      "analysis": "Kansas law accommodates private and commercial AV operation subject to statutory conditions. This permission says nothing about a particular company's ODD.",
      "oversight": "State vehicle and traffic rules.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://www.kslegislature.gov/b2025_26/laws/008_000_0000_chapter/008_029_0000_article/008_029_0002_section/008_029_0002_k/",
      "source_label": "Kansas Statutes § 8-2902",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "KY",
      "name": "Kentucky",
      "framework": "Operating statute with freight transition",
      "analysis": "Kentucky's AV framework took effect in 2024. The survey reports that a temporary onboard-driver rule for very heavy commercial vehicles expired in August 2026 after an extension failed.",
      "oversight": "State vehicle law and any remaining commercial-carrier requirements.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/record/24rs/hb7.html",
      "source_label": "Kentucky HB 7 (2024)",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "LA",
      "name": "Louisiana",
      "framework": "Commercial AV framework",
      "analysis": "Louisiana's dedicated AV operating provisions focus on commercial uses. Passenger service cannot be inferred from that freight-oriented authority.",
      "oversight": "State commercial-vehicle and traffic requirements.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://www.legis.la.gov/legis/LawPrint.aspx?d=1148308",
      "source_label": "Louisiana Revised Statutes § 32:400.3",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "ME",
      "name": "Maine",
      "framework": "Pilot authority",
      "analysis": "Maine authorizes transportation officials to establish AV pilot activity. The guide does not describe a broad commercial robotaxi approval regime.",
      "oversight": "Maine DOT pilot rules and general vehicle requirements.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": true,
      "source_url": "https://www.legislature.maine.gov/legis/bills/bills_128th/chapters/RESOLVE46.asp",
      "source_label": "Maine Resolve Chapter 46",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "MD",
      "name": "Maryland",
      "framework": "Narrow converted-vehicle provisions",
      "analysis": "Maryland's AV-specific statute focuses on converted vehicles for commercial or industrial use. Broader 2025 operation and safety-operator bills did not pass.",
      "oversight": "Motor Vehicle Administration and applicable vehicle law.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://www.mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Laws/StatuteText?article=gtr&enactments=false&section=15-901",
      "source_label": "Maryland Transportation Code § 15-901",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "MA",
      "name": "Massachusetts",
      "framework": "Historical testing order rescinded",
      "analysis": "Executive Order 572 established a testing framework in 2016 and was rescinded by Executive Order 603 in 2022. Current testing authority needs separate verification.",
      "oversight": "Do not rely on the rescinded order for current testing.",
      "enacted_legislation": false,
      "executive_order_history": true,
      "source_url": "https://www.bakerdonelson.com/avmap",
      "source_label": "State law survey (secondary source; verify primary text)",
      "source_tier": "secondary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "MI",
      "name": "Michigan",
      "framework": "Testing and conditional operation",
      "analysis": "Michigan law covers research, testing and operation and permits driverless use under statutory conditions, including minimal-risk capability and insurance. SAVE projects have separate manufacturer limits.",
      "oversight": "State AV statutes and vehicle rules.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=mcl-300-1949-VI-AUTOMATED-VEHICLES",
      "source_label": "Michigan automated vehicle statutes",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "MN",
      "name": "Minnesota",
      "framework": "No comprehensive AV operation law enacted",
      "analysis": "Minnesota proposed an AV and on-demand network framework in 2026, but it failed. The proposal should not be represented as an active permit system.",
      "oversight": "General vehicle rules and any relevant agency guidance.",
      "enacted_legislation": false,
      "executive_order_history": true,
      "source_url": "https://www.bakerdonelson.com/avmap",
      "source_label": "State law survey (secondary source; verify primary text)",
      "source_tier": "secondary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "MS",
      "name": "Mississippi",
      "framework": "General driverless operating pathway",
      "analysis": "Mississippi allows a person to operate an AV when statutory conditions are met. The permission is broader than a manufacturer-only test program.",
      "oversight": "State traffic, registration, and safety requirements.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/documents/2023/pdf/HB/1000-1099/HB1003SG.pdf",
      "source_label": "Mississippi HB 1003 sent to governor (2023)",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "MO",
      "name": "Missouri",
      "framework": "No dedicated operating framework enacted",
      "analysis": "A Missouri proposal requiring an active human driver was still pending in the survey. Its introduction alone does not change current AV operating law.",
      "oversight": "General state motor vehicle and carrier rules.",
      "enacted_legislation": false,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://www.bakerdonelson.com/avmap",
      "source_label": "State law survey (secondary source; verify primary text)",
      "source_tier": "secondary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "MT",
      "name": "Montana",
      "framework": "Automated-vehicle and platooning provisions",
      "analysis": "Montana enacted measures addressing automated vehicles and platooning in 2025. The exact authority for a proposed passenger or freight service requires examination of the relevant provisions.",
      "oversight": "State vehicle and commercial-carrier requirements.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0610/chapter_0060/part_0040/section_0090/0610-0060-0040-0090.html",
      "source_label": "Montana Code § 61-6-409",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "NE",
      "name": "Nebraska",
      "framework": "Conditional driverless operation",
      "analysis": "Nebraska permits ADS-equipped vehicles with an onboard licensed driver and provides a conditional pathway for operation without one.",
      "oversight": "State statutory requirements for driverless operation and ordinary vehicle law.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=60-3302",
      "source_label": "Nebraska Revised Statutes § 60-3302",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "NV",
      "name": "Nevada",
      "framework": "Testing and operation registries",
      "analysis": "Nevada provides separate DMV applications for autonomous-vehicle testing and certification for operation. No complete public list of current holders was found in the sources reviewed.",
      "oversight": "Nevada DMV testing and operation certification.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://dmv.nv.gov/autonomous.htm",
      "source_label": "Nevada DMV AV program",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "NH",
      "name": "New Hampshire",
      "framework": "Advisory commission and testing pilot",
      "analysis": "New Hampshire provides a testing pilot and an AV advisory commission. Those provisions do not establish general commercial deployment statewide.",
      "oversight": "Pilot approval and commission reporting.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://gc.nh.gov/rsa/html/XX/242/242-1.htm",
      "source_label": "New Hampshire RSA 242:1",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "NJ",
      "name": "New Jersey",
      "framework": "Proposed pilot, not enacted",
      "analysis": "A 2026 bill proposed a fully autonomous vehicle pilot. The guide identifies it as pending, so a proposed pilot cannot be shown as active authorization.",
      "oversight": "General motor vehicle rules pending enacted AV legislation.",
      "enacted_legislation": false,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://www.bakerdonelson.com/avmap",
      "source_label": "State law survey (secondary source; verify primary text)",
      "source_tier": "secondary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "NM",
      "name": "New Mexico",
      "framework": "Notified testing pathway",
      "analysis": "New Mexico's AV framework addresses testing and requires advance notification. A testing notice is distinct from commercial deployment approval.",
      "oversight": "State transportation and testing-notification requirements.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://www.dot.nm.gov/highway-operations-program/operations-support-division-director/intelligent-transportation-systems/",
      "source_label": "NMDOT autonomous vehicle testing notification",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "NY",
      "name": "New York",
      "framework": "State demonstration permit; additional NYC test permit",
      "analysis": "Testing in New York City requires a New York State DMV demonstration or testing permit and a separate NYC DOT permit. A NYC testing permit does not authorize commercial passenger service.",
      "oversight": "NYS DMV demonstration program; NYC DOT testing permit within the city.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://dmv.ny.gov/business/autonomous-vehicle-technology-demonstration-testing-and-operation",
      "source_label": "New York State DMV AV demonstration",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "NC",
      "name": "North Carolina",
      "framework": "Operation statute and policy committee",
      "analysis": "North Carolina has AV-specific operating provisions and a committee charged with recommendations for testing and deployment. A statewide law does not reveal a company's actual service area.",
      "oversight": "State traffic law and committee-led policy review.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/ByArticle/Chapter_20/Article_18.html",
      "source_label": "North Carolina General Statutes Article 18",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "ND",
      "name": "North Dakota",
      "framework": "Conditional AV operation",
      "analysis": "North Dakota permits autonomous operation subject to applicable state and federal law. A 2025 AV funding proposal failed.",
      "oversight": "Ordinary vehicle law plus the state's AV operating provision.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t39c01.html",
      "source_label": "North Dakota Century Code Chapter 39-01",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "OH",
      "name": "Ohio",
      "framework": "Executive-order testing registration",
      "analysis": "Ohio's DriveOhio program requires companies to register before AV testing. The guide identifies no general AV operation statute; registration should not be read as commercial deployment approval.",
      "oversight": "DriveOhio testing registration and state vehicle rules.",
      "enacted_legislation": false,
      "executive_order_history": true,
      "source_url": "https://www.bakerdonelson.com/avmap",
      "source_label": "State law survey (secondary source; verify primary text)",
      "source_tier": "secondary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "OK",
      "name": "Oklahoma",
      "framework": "Conditional operating pathway",
      "analysis": "Oklahoma permits AV operation when statutory conditions and ordinary registration rules are satisfied; on-demand networks also remain subject to applicable service law.",
      "oversight": "State traffic, registration, and on-demand network requirements.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://www.oklegislature.gov/BillInfo.aspx?Bill=SB1541&Session=2200",
      "source_label": "Oklahoma SB 1541 (2022)",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "OR",
      "name": "Oregon",
      "framework": "Task force, no general operating law",
      "analysis": "Oregon established an AV task force. A 2026 proposal to permit operation without ordinary driving privileges failed.",
      "oversight": "General vehicle law while broader AV operation proposals remain unenacted.",
      "enacted_legislation": false,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://www.bakerdonelson.com/avmap",
      "source_label": "State law survey (secondary source; verify primary text)",
      "source_tier": "secondary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "PA",
      "name": "Pennsylvania",
      "framework": "Self-certification under PennDOT",
      "analysis": "Pennsylvania's AV pathway places oversight with PennDOT and requires self-certification. A separate 2025 certificate proposal was pending in the survey.",
      "oversight": "PennDOT self-certification and state traffic requirements.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/LI/CT/HTM/75/75.HTM",
      "source_label": "Pennsylvania Vehicle Code Chapter 85",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "RI",
      "name": "Rhode Island",
      "framework": "No dedicated AV operating law identified",
      "analysis": "The 2026 survey identifies no AV-specific statute or new proposal. That does not establish that an individual deployment is authorized.",
      "oversight": "General motor vehicle and service rules.",
      "enacted_legislation": false,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://www.bakerdonelson.com/avmap",
      "source_label": "State law survey (secondary source; verify primary text)",
      "source_tier": "secondary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "SC",
      "name": "South Carolina",
      "framework": "No dedicated AV operating law identified",
      "analysis": "South Carolina's survey entry identifies no new AV legislation since 2018. Operator status still depends on general vehicle law and any service-specific rules.",
      "oversight": "General state motor vehicle requirements.",
      "enacted_legislation": false,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://www.bakerdonelson.com/avmap",
      "source_label": "State law survey (secondary source; verify primary text)",
      "source_tier": "secondary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "SD",
      "name": "South Dakota",
      "framework": "AV operation and platooning laws",
      "analysis": "South Dakota added an AV operating statute in 2024 alongside earlier platooning provisions. Commercial freight and passenger services should be assessed under their relevant requirements.",
      "oversight": "State AV, commercial-carrier, and traffic rules.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://mylrc.sdlegislature.gov/api/Documents/Bill/264493.pdf?Year=2024",
      "source_label": "South Dakota HB 1095 enrolled (2024)",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "TN",
      "name": "Tennessee",
      "framework": "Automated Vehicles Act",
      "analysis": "Tennessee has a general AV operating framework. A 2026 amendment addresses traffic violations committed by AVs, adding a distinct accountability issue to the state's policy picture.",
      "oversight": "State traffic law and the Automated Vehicles Act.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://wapp.capitol.tn.gov/apps/BillInfo/Default?BillNumber=HB0381&ga=110",
      "source_label": "Tennessee Automated Vehicles Act, HB 381",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "TX",
      "name": "Texas",
      "framework": "Commercial operation authorization",
      "analysis": "Texas authorized AV operation in 2017 and added a mandatory TxDMV authorization for commercial automated-vehicle operation in 2026. The state does not publish a complete public holder roster in the sources reviewed; documented service is distinct from authorization.",
      "oversight": "TxDMV commercial authorization; traffic-law and insurance requirements.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://www.txdmv.gov/AVprogram",
      "source_label": "Texas DMV Commercial Vehicle Authorization",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "UT",
      "name": "Utah",
      "framework": "Statutory AV operation",
      "analysis": "Utah's AV law governs operation of ADS-equipped vehicles subject to state and federal requirements. A 2026 information-request bill failed.",
      "oversight": "State AV statute and ordinary traffic requirements.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title41/Chapter26/41-26.html",
      "source_label": "Utah Code Chapter 41-26",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "VT",
      "name": "Vermont",
      "framework": "Restrictive testing authorization",
      "analysis": "Vermont's AV law addresses testing only, with public comment and an onboard human driver for each approved test. It is not a general driverless passenger-service pathway.",
      "oversight": "Test-specific approval and public-comment process.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/fullchapter/23/041",
      "source_label": "Vermont Automated Vehicle Testing Act",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "VA",
      "name": "Virginia",
      "framework": "Proposed licensing, not enacted",
      "analysis": "Virginia considered autonomous operation licenses in SB 670, but the measure was continued to 2027 in the survey. Its proposed licenses are not existing permits.",
      "oversight": "General vehicle law pending any enacted AV-specific licensing framework.",
      "enacted_legislation": false,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://www.bakerdonelson.com/avmap",
      "source_label": "State law survey (secondary source; verify primary text)",
      "source_tier": "secondary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "WA",
      "name": "Washington",
      "framework": "Testing self-certification and vehicle registration",
      "analysis": "Washington distinguishes eligibility to test AVs on public roads from registration of the vehicle itself. Neither alone identifies an operating service area.",
      "oversight": "State testing self-certification and vehicle registration processes.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": true,
      "source_url": "https://dol.wa.gov/vehicles-and-boats/vehicles/vehicle-registration/register-other-vehicles-and-other-services/registering-autonomous-vehicles",
      "source_label": "Washington DOL AV guidance",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "WV",
      "name": "West Virginia",
      "framework": "Personal, commercial, and network operation",
      "analysis": "West Virginia's AV law accommodates several service types subject to conditions. Driverless operators must submit a law-enforcement interaction plan before operating.",
      "oversight": "State vehicle rules and law-enforcement interaction plan.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://code.wvlegislature.gov/17H-1/",
      "source_label": "West Virginia Fully Autonomous Vehicle Act",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "WI",
      "name": "Wisconsin",
      "framework": "Executive-order coordination",
      "analysis": "Wisconsin's AV steering committee addressed testing and deployment policy. Proposed 2026 board and permit legislation failed, leaving no such new permit in force.",
      "oversight": "General vehicle rules and existing agency coordination.",
      "enacted_legislation": false,
      "executive_order_history": true,
      "source_url": "https://www.bakerdonelson.com/avmap",
      "source_label": "State law survey (secondary source; verify primary text)",
      "source_tier": "secondary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "WY",
      "name": "Wyoming",
      "framework": "No dedicated AV statute identified",
      "analysis": "The 2026 guide identifies no AV-specific operating law or new proposal in Wyoming. That finding does not amount to a positive authorization for any proposed service.",
      "oversight": "General motor vehicle and commercial-carrier rules.",
      "enacted_legislation": false,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://www.bakerdonelson.com/avmap",
      "source_label": "State law survey (secondary source; verify primary text)",
      "source_tier": "secondary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    },
    {
      "code": "DC",
      "name": "District of Columbia",
      "framework": "Testing pathway",
      "analysis": "District rules address AV testing with a human behind the wheel; a testing provision is not commercial deployment authorization.",
      "oversight": "DDOT oversight.",
      "enacted_legislation": true,
      "executive_order_history": false,
      "source_url": "https://ddot.dc.gov/page/autonomous-vehicles",
      "source_label": "DDOT AV law and testing guidance",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23"
    }
  ],
  "state_events": [
    {
      "id": "al-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Alabama",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "Alabama's AV-specific statute governs automated commercial vehicles. Its scope does not establish a general passenger robotaxi pathway.",
      "takeaway": "Alabama's AV-specific statute governs automated commercial vehicles",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/files/pdf/SearchableInstruments/2019RS/PrintFiles/SB47-Enr.pdf",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "AL",
      "source_label": "Alabama SB 47 enrolled text",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "undetermined"
    },
    {
      "id": "az-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Arizona",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "Arizona's AV framework grew from executive orders in 2015 and 2018. The state provides notification and certification guidance before testing and operation. A company operating in Arizona should not be interpreted as having statewide service coverage.",
      "takeaway": "Arizona's AV framework grew from executive orders in 2015 and 2018",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": "2021",
      "source_url": "https://azdot.gov/mvd/services/professional-services/autonomous-vehicles-testing-and-operating-state-arizona",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "AZ",
      "source_label": "Arizona DOT AV framework and HB 2813 history",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "year"
    },
    {
      "id": "az-eo-2018",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Arizona",
      "title": "Arizona Executive Order 2018-04",
      "summary": "Historical executive framework for driverless testing and operation; much of it was codified in HB 2813 in 2021.",
      "takeaway": "Historical executive framework for driverless testing and operation; much of it was codified in HB 2813 in 2021",
      "instrument": "executive_order",
      "status": "superseded",
      "date": "2018-03-01",
      "source_url": "https://azdot.gov/mvd/services/professional-services/autonomous-vehicles-testing-and-operating-state-arizona",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "AZ",
      "source_label": "Arizona Executive Order 2018-04",
      "source_tier": "primary"
    },
    {
      "id": "ar-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Arkansas",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "Arkansas permits driverless operation when statutory conditions and advance submissions, including commercial-purpose information, are satisfied.",
      "takeaway": "Arkansas permits driverless operation when statutory conditions and advance submissions, including commercial-purpose information, are satisfied",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": "2019",
      "source_url": "https://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/Bills/Detail?ddBienniumSession=2019%2F2019R&id=HB1561",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "AR",
      "source_label": "Arkansas HB 1561 · AV pilot program",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "year"
    },
    {
      "id": "ca-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "California",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "California distinguishes testing with a safety driver, driverless testing, and deployment. A state permit is not itself evidence of an active passenger service or a statewide ODD. Passenger service also has CPUC oversight.",
      "takeaway": "California distinguishes testing with a safety driver, driverless testing, and deployment",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/vehicle-industry-services/autonomous-vehicles/",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "CA",
      "source_label": "California DMV AV program",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "undetermined"
    },
    {
      "id": "co-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Colorado",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "Colorado has an AV statute, while proposed in-vehicle human requirements for automated commercial trucks were vetoed in both 2025 and 2026. A vetoed bill cannot be treated as a current restriction.",
      "takeaway": "Colorado has an AV statute, while proposed in-vehicle human requirements for automated commercial trucks were vetoed in both 2025 and 2026",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": "2017",
      "source_url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb17-213",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "CO",
      "source_label": "Colorado SB 17-213",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "year"
    },
    {
      "id": "ct-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Connecticut",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "Connecticut's dedicated AV pathway centers on a limited pilot involving selected municipalities. A pilot law is not blanket authority for commercial deployment statewide.",
      "takeaway": "Connecticut's dedicated AV pathway centers on a limited pilot involving selected municipalities",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.cga.ct.gov/2017/act/pa/2017PA-00069-R00SB-00260-PA.htm",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "CT",
      "source_label": "Connecticut Public Act 17-69",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "undetermined"
    },
    {
      "id": "de-eo-2017",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Delaware",
      "title": "Delaware Executive Order 14",
      "summary": "Created an advisory council on connected and autonomous vehicles; it did not itself authorize driverless commercial service.",
      "takeaway": "Created an advisory council on connected and autonomous vehicles; it did not itself authorize driverless commercial service",
      "instrument": "executive_order",
      "status": "historical_status_unverified",
      "date": "2017-09-05",
      "source_url": "https://archives.delaware.gov/executive-orders/governor-john-carney/",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "DE",
      "source_label": "Delaware Executive Order 14",
      "source_tier": "primary"
    },
    {
      "id": "fl-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Florida",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "Florida law allows driverless AV operation subject to statutory conditions. This review has not established a separate public company-level permit roster; a service announcement is not a state-issued ODD boundary.",
      "takeaway": "Florida law allows driverless AV operation subject to statutory conditions",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2025/316.85",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "FL",
      "source_label": "Florida Statutes § 316.85",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "undetermined"
    },
    {
      "id": "ga-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Georgia",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "Georgia enacted rules for fully autonomous vehicles through SB 219. The Observatory has operating evidence, but has not located a public state holder roster; the statute and an operator's actual service geography answer different questions.",
      "takeaway": "Georgia enacted rules for fully autonomous vehicles through SB 219",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": "2017",
      "source_url": "https://www.legis.ga.gov/Legislation/20172018/170801.pdf",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "GA",
      "source_label": "Georgia SB 219",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "year"
    },
    {
      "id": "hi-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Hawaii",
      "title": "Act 21 · AV testing pilot",
      "summary": "Act 21 (2020) established a state AV testing pilot with an onboard human driver and a report to the 2023 legislature. It did not grant broad driverless commercial authority.",
      "takeaway": "Act 21 (2020) established a state AV testing pilot with an onboard human driver and a report to the 2023 legislature",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "historical_status_unverified",
      "date": "2020-09-15",
      "source_url": "https://data.capitol.hawaii.gov/sessions/sessionlaws/Years/SLH2020/SLH2020_Act21.pdf",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "HI",
      "source_label": "Hawaii Act 21 (2020)",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "day"
    },
    {
      "id": "id-eo-2018",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Idaho",
      "title": "Idaho Executive Order 2018-01",
      "summary": "Created a committee to study controlled testing and operation, not a statewide operating permit.",
      "takeaway": "Created a committee to study controlled testing and operation, not a statewide operating permit",
      "instrument": "executive_order",
      "status": "historical_status_unverified",
      "date": "2018-01-02",
      "source_url": "https://proddfmmainsa.blob.core.windows.net/dfm-admin-website/rules/2018%20Archive/ExOs/2018-01_ExOr_18-2.pdf",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "ID",
      "source_label": "Idaho Executive Order 2018-01",
      "source_tier": "primary"
    },
    {
      "id": "il-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Illinois",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "Illinois law limits local governments' ability to prohibit AVs, but that rule alone does not establish a statewide permit or demonstrate an active commercial service.",
      "takeaway": "Illinois law limits local governments' ability to prohibit AVs, but that rule alone does not establish a statewide permit or demonstrate an active commercial service",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/fulltext?DocName=062500050K11-208",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "IL",
      "source_label": "Illinois Vehicle Code § 11-208(e-10)",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "undetermined"
    },
    {
      "id": "il-eo-2018",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Illinois",
      "title": "Illinois Executive Order 2018-13",
      "summary": "Established the Autonomous Illinois initiative and a voluntary testing program with an onboard licensed driver.",
      "takeaway": "Established the Autonomous Illinois initiative and a voluntary testing program with an onboard licensed driver",
      "instrument": "executive_order",
      "status": "historical_status_unverified",
      "date": "2018-10-25",
      "source_url": "https://www.illinois.gov/government/executive-orders/executive-order.executive-order-number-13.2018.html",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "IL",
      "source_label": "Illinois Executive Order 2018-13",
      "source_tier": "primary"
    },
    {
      "id": "ia-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Iowa",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "Iowa's statute addresses operation of automated driving systems. Multiple proposed 2026 changes failed, so those proposals should not be counted as current conditions.",
      "takeaway": "Iowa's statute addresses operation of automated driving systems",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/321.514.pdf",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "IA",
      "source_label": "Iowa Code § 321.514",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "undetermined"
    },
    {
      "id": "ks-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Kansas",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "Kansas law accommodates private and commercial AV operation subject to statutory conditions. This permission says nothing about a particular company's ODD.",
      "takeaway": "Kansas law accommodates private and commercial AV operation subject to statutory conditions",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.kslegislature.gov/b2025_26/laws/008_000_0000_chapter/008_029_0000_article/008_029_0002_section/008_029_0002_k/",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "KS",
      "source_label": "Kansas Statutes § 8-2902",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "undetermined"
    },
    {
      "id": "ky-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Kentucky",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "Kentucky's AV framework took effect in 2024. The survey reports that a temporary onboard-driver rule for very heavy commercial vehicles expired in August 2026 after an extension failed.",
      "takeaway": "Kentucky's AV framework took effect in 2024",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/record/24rs/hb7.html",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "KY",
      "source_label": "Kentucky HB 7 (2024)",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "undetermined"
    },
    {
      "id": "la-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Louisiana",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "Louisiana's dedicated AV operating provisions focus on commercial uses. Passenger service cannot be inferred from that freight-oriented authority.",
      "takeaway": "Louisiana's dedicated AV operating provisions focus on commercial uses",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.legis.la.gov/legis/LawPrint.aspx?d=1148308",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "LA",
      "source_label": "Louisiana Revised Statutes § 32:400.3",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "undetermined"
    },
    {
      "id": "me-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Maine",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "Maine authorizes transportation officials to establish AV pilot activity. The guide does not describe a broad commercial robotaxi approval regime.",
      "takeaway": "Maine authorizes transportation officials to establish AV pilot activity",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.legislature.maine.gov/legis/bills/bills_128th/chapters/RESOLVE46.asp",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "ME",
      "source_label": "Maine Resolve Chapter 46",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "undetermined"
    },
    {
      "id": "me-eo-2018",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Maine",
      "title": "Maine executive order on highly automated vehicles",
      "summary": "Created an advisory committee to recommend policy; the separate legislative resolve addresses a pilot framework.",
      "takeaway": "Created an advisory committee to recommend policy; the separate legislative resolve addresses a pilot framework",
      "instrument": "executive_order",
      "status": "historical_status_unverified",
      "date": "2018-01-18",
      "source_url": "https://www.maine.gov/governor/lepage/official-documents/executive-orders.html",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "ME",
      "source_label": "Maine executive order on highly automated vehicles",
      "source_tier": "primary"
    },
    {
      "id": "md-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Maryland",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "Maryland's AV-specific statute focuses on converted vehicles for commercial or industrial use. Broader 2025 operation and safety-operator bills did not pass.",
      "takeaway": "Maryland's AV-specific statute focuses on converted vehicles for commercial or industrial use",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Laws/StatuteText?article=gtr&enactments=false&section=15-901",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "MD",
      "source_label": "Maryland Transportation Code § 15-901",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "undetermined"
    },
    {
      "id": "ma-eo-2016",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Massachusetts",
      "title": "Massachusetts Executive Order 572",
      "summary": "Established a state-led approval framework for highly automated vehicle testing. Rescinded in 2022.",
      "takeaway": "Established a state-led approval framework for highly automated vehicle testing",
      "instrument": "executive_order",
      "status": "rescinded",
      "date": "2016-10-20",
      "source_url": "https://www.mass.gov/executive-orders/no-572-to-promote-the-testing-and-deployment-of-highly-automated-driving-technologies",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "MA",
      "source_label": "Massachusetts Executive Order 572",
      "source_tier": "primary"
    },
    {
      "id": "ma-eo-2022",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Massachusetts",
      "title": "Massachusetts Executive Order 603",
      "summary": "Rescinded Executive Order 572. The prior order must not be shown as current operating authority.",
      "takeaway": "Rescinded Executive Order 572",
      "instrument": "executive_order",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": "2022-12-14",
      "source_url": "https://www.mass.gov/executive-orders/no-603-rescinding-certain-executive-orders",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "MA",
      "source_label": "Massachusetts Executive Order 603",
      "source_tier": "primary"
    },
    {
      "id": "mi-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Michigan",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "Michigan law covers research, testing and operation and permits driverless use under statutory conditions, including minimal-risk capability and insurance. SAVE projects have separate manufacturer limits.",
      "takeaway": "Michigan law covers research, testing and operation and permits driverless use under statutory conditions, including minimal-risk capability and insurance",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": "2016",
      "source_url": "https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=mcl-300-1949-VI-AUTOMATED-VEHICLES",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "MI",
      "source_label": "Michigan automated vehicle statutes",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "year"
    },
    {
      "id": "mn-eo-2018",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Minnesota",
      "title": "Minnesota Executive Order 18-04",
      "summary": "Established a connected and automated vehicles advisory council; rescinded by Executive Order 19-18.",
      "takeaway": "Established a connected and automated vehicles advisory council; rescinded by Executive Order 19-18",
      "instrument": "executive_order",
      "status": "rescinded",
      "date": "2018",
      "source_url": "https://www.lrl.mn.gov/archive/execorders/18-04.pdf",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "MN",
      "source_label": "Minnesota Executive Order 18-04",
      "source_tier": "primary"
    },
    {
      "id": "mn-eo-2019",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Minnesota",
      "title": "Minnesota Executive Order 19-18",
      "summary": "Replaced the 2018 advisory council order with a governor's council and interagency coordination.",
      "takeaway": "Replaced the 2018 advisory council order with a governor's council and interagency coordination",
      "instrument": "executive_order",
      "status": "historical_status_unverified",
      "date": "2019-04-01",
      "source_url": "https://www.leg.mn.gov/archive/execorders/19-18.pdf",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "MN",
      "source_label": "Minnesota Executive Order 19-18",
      "source_tier": "primary"
    },
    {
      "id": "ms-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Mississippi",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "Mississippi allows a person to operate an AV when statutory conditions are met. The permission is broader than a manufacturer-only test program.",
      "takeaway": "Mississippi allows a person to operate an AV when statutory conditions are met",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/documents/2023/pdf/HB/1000-1099/HB1003SG.pdf",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "MS",
      "source_label": "Mississippi HB 1003 sent to governor (2023)",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "undetermined"
    },
    {
      "id": "mt-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Montana",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "Montana enacted measures addressing automated vehicles and platooning in 2025. The exact authority for a proposed passenger or freight service requires examination of the relevant provisions.",
      "takeaway": "Montana enacted measures addressing automated vehicles and platooning in 2025",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0610/chapter_0060/part_0040/section_0090/0610-0060-0040-0090.html",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "MT",
      "source_label": "Montana Code § 61-6-409",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "undetermined"
    },
    {
      "id": "ne-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Nebraska",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "Nebraska permits ADS-equipped vehicles with an onboard licensed driver and provides a conditional pathway for operation without one.",
      "takeaway": "Nebraska permits ADS-equipped vehicles with an onboard licensed driver and provides a conditional pathway for operation without one",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=60-3302",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "NE",
      "source_label": "Nebraska Revised Statutes § 60-3302",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "undetermined"
    },
    {
      "id": "nv-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Nevada",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "Nevada provides separate DMV applications for autonomous-vehicle testing and certification for operation. No complete public list of current holders was found in the sources reviewed.",
      "takeaway": "Nevada provides separate DMV applications for autonomous-vehicle testing and certification for operation",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://dmv.nv.gov/autonomous.htm",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "NV",
      "source_label": "Nevada DMV AV program",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "undetermined"
    },
    {
      "id": "nh-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "New Hampshire",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "New Hampshire provides a testing pilot and an AV advisory commission. Those provisions do not establish general commercial deployment statewide.",
      "takeaway": "New Hampshire provides a testing pilot and an AV advisory commission",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://gc.nh.gov/rsa/html/XX/242/242-1.htm",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "NH",
      "source_label": "New Hampshire RSA 242:1",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "undetermined"
    },
    {
      "id": "nm-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "New Mexico",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "New Mexico's AV framework addresses testing and requires advance notification. A testing notice is distinct from commercial deployment approval.",
      "takeaway": "New Mexico's AV framework addresses testing and requires advance notification",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.dot.nm.gov/highway-operations-program/operations-support-division-director/intelligent-transportation-systems/",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "NM",
      "source_label": "NMDOT autonomous vehicle testing notification",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "undetermined"
    },
    {
      "id": "ny-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "New York",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "Testing in New York City requires a New York State DMV demonstration or testing permit and a separate NYC DOT permit. A NYC testing permit does not authorize commercial passenger service.",
      "takeaway": "Testing in New York City requires a New York State DMV demonstration or testing permit and a separate NYC DOT permit",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://dmv.ny.gov/business/autonomous-vehicle-technology-demonstration-testing-and-operation",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "NY",
      "source_label": "New York State DMV AV demonstration",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "undetermined"
    },
    {
      "id": "nc-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "North Carolina",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "North Carolina has AV-specific operating provisions and a committee charged with recommendations for testing and deployment. A statewide law does not reveal a company's actual service area.",
      "takeaway": "North Carolina has AV-specific operating provisions and a committee charged with recommendations for testing and deployment",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/ByArticle/Chapter_20/Article_18.html",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "NC",
      "source_label": "North Carolina General Statutes Article 18",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "undetermined"
    },
    {
      "id": "nd-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "North Dakota",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "North Dakota permits autonomous operation subject to applicable state and federal law. A 2025 AV funding proposal failed.",
      "takeaway": "North Dakota permits autonomous operation subject to applicable state and federal law",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t39c01.html",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "ND",
      "source_label": "North Dakota Century Code Chapter 39-01",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "undetermined"
    },
    {
      "id": "oh-eo-2019",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Ohio",
      "title": "Ohio Executive Order 2019-26D",
      "summary": "Reauthorized DriveOhio as the state smart mobility center; its testing registration is distinct from deployment approval.",
      "takeaway": "Reauthorized DriveOhio as the state smart mobility center; its testing registration is distinct from deployment approval",
      "instrument": "executive_order",
      "status": "historical_status_unverified",
      "date": "2019-10-02",
      "source_url": "https://governor.ohio.gov/media/executive-orders/executive-order-2019-26d",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "OH",
      "source_label": "Ohio Executive Order 2019-26D",
      "source_tier": "primary"
    },
    {
      "id": "ok-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Oklahoma",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "Oklahoma permits AV operation when statutory conditions and ordinary registration rules are satisfied; on-demand networks also remain subject to applicable service law.",
      "takeaway": "Oklahoma permits AV operation when statutory conditions and ordinary registration rules are satisfied; on-demand networks also remain subject to applicable service law",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.oklegislature.gov/BillInfo.aspx?Bill=SB1541&Session=2200",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "OK",
      "source_label": "Oklahoma SB 1541 (2022)",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "undetermined"
    },
    {
      "id": "pa-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Pennsylvania",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "Pennsylvania's AV pathway places oversight with PennDOT and requires self-certification. A separate 2025 certificate proposal was pending in the survey.",
      "takeaway": "Pennsylvania's AV pathway places oversight with PennDOT and requires self-certification",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": "2022",
      "source_url": "https://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/LI/CT/HTM/75/75.HTM",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "PA",
      "source_label": "Pennsylvania Vehicle Code Chapter 85",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "year"
    },
    {
      "id": "sd-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "South Dakota",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "South Dakota added an AV operating statute in 2024 alongside earlier platooning provisions. Commercial freight and passenger services should be assessed under their relevant requirements.",
      "takeaway": "South Dakota added an AV operating statute in 2024 alongside earlier platooning provisions",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://mylrc.sdlegislature.gov/api/Documents/Bill/264493.pdf?Year=2024",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "SD",
      "source_label": "South Dakota HB 1095 enrolled (2024)",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "undetermined"
    },
    {
      "id": "tn-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Tennessee",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "Tennessee has a general AV operating framework. A 2026 amendment addresses traffic violations committed by AVs, adding a distinct accountability issue to the state's policy picture.",
      "takeaway": "Tennessee has a general AV operating framework",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": "2017",
      "source_url": "https://wapp.capitol.tn.gov/apps/BillInfo/Default?BillNumber=HB0381&ga=110",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "TN",
      "source_label": "Tennessee Automated Vehicles Act, HB 381",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "year"
    },
    {
      "id": "tx-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Texas",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "Texas authorized AV operation in 2017 and added a mandatory TxDMV authorization for commercial automated-vehicle operation in 2026. The state does not publish a complete public holder roster in the sources reviewed; documented service is distinct from authorization.",
      "takeaway": "Texas authorized AV operation in 2017 and added a mandatory TxDMV authorization for commercial automated-vehicle operation in 2026",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": "2017",
      "source_url": "https://www.txdmv.gov/AVprogram",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "TX",
      "source_label": "Texas DMV Commercial Vehicle Authorization",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "year"
    },
    {
      "id": "tx-sb2807-2025",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Texas",
      "title": "SB 2807 · Commercial Vehicle Authorization",
      "summary": "Added a TxDMV authorization program for commercial AV operation; the authorization requirement became enforceable May 28, 2026.",
      "takeaway": "Added a TxDMV authorization program for commercial AV operation; the authorization requirement became enforceable May 28, 2026",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": "2025",
      "source_url": "https://www.txdmv.gov/AVprogram",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "TX",
      "source_label": "TxDMV AV program",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "year"
    },
    {
      "id": "ut-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Utah",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "Utah's AV law governs operation of ADS-equipped vehicles subject to state and federal requirements. A 2026 information-request bill failed.",
      "takeaway": "Utah's AV law governs operation of ADS-equipped vehicles subject to state and federal requirements",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title41/Chapter26/41-26.html",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "UT",
      "source_label": "Utah Code Chapter 41-26",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "undetermined"
    },
    {
      "id": "vt-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Vermont",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "Vermont's AV law addresses testing only, with public comment and an onboard human driver for each approved test. It is not a general driverless passenger-service pathway.",
      "takeaway": "Vermont's AV law addresses testing only, with public comment and an onboard human driver for each approved test",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/fullchapter/23/041",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "VT",
      "source_label": "Vermont Automated Vehicle Testing Act",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "undetermined"
    },
    {
      "id": "wa-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Washington",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "Washington distinguishes eligibility to test AVs on public roads from registration of the vehicle itself. Neither alone identifies an operating service area.",
      "takeaway": "Washington distinguishes eligibility to test AVs on public roads from registration of the vehicle itself",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://dol.wa.gov/vehicles-and-boats/vehicles/vehicle-registration/register-other-vehicles-and-other-services/registering-autonomous-vehicles",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "WA",
      "source_label": "Washington DOL AV guidance",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "undetermined"
    },
    {
      "id": "wa-eo-2017",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Washington",
      "title": "Washington Executive Order 17-02",
      "summary": "Created a state testing coordination and self-certification framework.",
      "takeaway": "Created a state testing coordination and self-certification framework",
      "instrument": "executive_order",
      "status": "historical_status_unverified",
      "date": "2017-06-07",
      "source_url": "https://governor.wa.gov/sites/default/files/exe_order/17-02AutonomouVehicles.pdf",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "WA",
      "source_label": "Washington Executive Order 17-02",
      "source_tier": "primary"
    },
    {
      "id": "wv-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "West Virginia",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "West Virginia's AV law accommodates several service types subject to conditions. Driverless operators must submit a law-enforcement interaction plan before operating.",
      "takeaway": "West Virginia's AV law accommodates several service types subject to conditions",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://code.wvlegislature.gov/17H-1/",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "WV",
      "source_label": "West Virginia Fully Autonomous Vehicle Act",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "undetermined"
    },
    {
      "id": "wi-eo-2017",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Wisconsin",
      "title": "Wisconsin Executive Order 245",
      "summary": "Created a steering committee on AV testing and deployment; the order specified dissolution after a 2018 final report.",
      "takeaway": "Created a steering committee on AV testing and deployment; the order specified dissolution after a 2018 final report",
      "instrument": "executive_order",
      "status": "completed",
      "date": "2017-05-18",
      "source_url": "https://wisconsindot.gov/Documents/about-wisdot/who-we-are/comm-couns/executive-order245.pdf",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "WI",
      "source_label": "Wisconsin Executive Order 245",
      "source_tier": "primary"
    },
    {
      "id": "dc-statute-baseline",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "District of Columbia",
      "title": "Enacted AV Statute · Current Framework",
      "summary": "District rules address AV testing with a human behind the wheel; a testing provision is not commercial deployment authorization.",
      "takeaway": "District rules address AV testing with a human behind the wheel; a testing provision is not commercial deployment authorization",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://ddot.dc.gov/page/autonomous-vehicles",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "DC",
      "source_label": "DDOT AV law and testing guidance",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "undetermined"
    },
    {
      "id": "ca-sb1298-2012",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "California",
      "title": "SB 1298 · AV testing framework",
      "summary": "Directed California DMV to establish testing regulations and created a statutory framework for autonomous vehicles; later statutes and regulations changed the program.",
      "takeaway": "Directed California DMV to establish testing regulations and created a statutory framework for autonomous vehicles; later statutes and regulations changed the program",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "historical",
      "date": "2012",
      "source_url": "https://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/11-12/bill/sen/sb_1251-1300/sb_1298_bill_20120925_chaptered.html",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "CA",
      "source_label": "Enacted bill / legislature",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "year"
    },
    {
      "id": "ca-ab1592-2016",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "California",
      "title": "AB 1592 · limited pilot project",
      "summary": "Authorized a limited autonomous vehicle pilot project without the ordinary driver-seat controls under specified conditions. This targeted exception did not replace the general DMV testing and deployment rules.",
      "takeaway": "Authorized a limited autonomous vehicle pilot project without the ordinary driver-seat controls under specified conditions",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "historical",
      "date": "2016-09-29",
      "source_url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billHistoryClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB1592",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "CA",
      "source_label": "Enacted bill / legislature",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "day"
    },
    {
      "id": "nv-ab511-2011",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Nevada",
      "title": "AB 511 · first AV framework",
      "summary": "Required Nevada DMV regulations authorizing autonomous vehicle operation and established early testing and licensing provisions; later amendments expanded the framework.",
      "takeaway": "Required Nevada DMV regulations authorizing autonomous vehicle operation and established early testing and licensing provisions; later amendments expanded the framework",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "historical",
      "date": "2011",
      "source_url": "https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/76th2011/Bills/AB/AB511_EN.pdf",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "NV",
      "source_label": "Enacted bill / legislature",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "year"
    },
    {
      "id": "nv-ab69-2017",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Nevada",
      "title": "AB 69 · driverless transportation services",
      "summary": "Revised testing and operation provisions and provided for fully autonomous transportation services and network companies under state oversight.",
      "takeaway": "Revised testing and operation provisions and provided for fully autonomous transportation services and network companies under state oversight",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "historical",
      "date": "2017",
      "source_url": "https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Statutes/79th2017/Stats201724.html",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "NV",
      "source_label": "Enacted bill / legislature",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "year"
    },
    {
      "id": "fl-hb7027-2016",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Florida",
      "title": "HB 7027 · AV operating changes",
      "summary": "Revised Florida's autonomous vehicle operating and equipment rules; this preceded the broader 2019 driverless operation law.",
      "takeaway": "Revised Florida's autonomous vehicle operating and equipment rules; this preceded the broader 2019 driverless operation law",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "historical",
      "date": "2016",
      "source_url": "https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2016/7027",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "FL",
      "source_label": "Enacted bill / legislature",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "year"
    },
    {
      "id": "fl-hb311-2019",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "Florida",
      "title": "HB 311 · driverless operation",
      "summary": "Authorized a fully autonomous vehicle to operate without a human operator and addressed on-demand AV networks and insurance.",
      "takeaway": "Authorized a fully autonomous vehicle to operate without a human operator and addressed on-demand AV networks and insurance",
      "instrument": "legislation",
      "status": "historical",
      "date": "2019",
      "source_url": "https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2019/311",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "FL",
      "source_label": "Enacted bill / legislature",
      "source_tier": "primary",
      "date_precision": "year"
    },
    {
      "id": "ca-dmv-2017-proposal",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "California",
      "title": "DMV · driverless testing and deployment proposal",
      "summary": "DMV proposed a regulatory framework for driverless testing and deployment, followed by modified texts in October and November 2017.",
      "takeaway": "DMV proposed a regulatory framework for driverless testing and deployment, followed by modified texts in October and November 2017",
      "instrument": "regulatory proposal",
      "status": "historical",
      "date": "2017-03-10",
      "source_url": "https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/vehicle-industry-services/autonomous-vehicles/california-autonomous-vehicle-regulations/",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "CA",
      "source_label": "California DMV",
      "source_tier": "primary"
    },
    {
      "id": "ca-dmv-2020-delivery",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "California",
      "title": "DMV · light-duty delivery vehicle rules",
      "summary": "DMV began accepting applications under approved rules for autonomous delivery trucks below 10,001 pounds. Operation still required a DMV permit.",
      "takeaway": "DMV began accepting applications under approved rules for autonomous delivery trucks below 10,001 pounds",
      "instrument": "regulation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": "2020-01-16",
      "source_url": "https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/vehicle-industry-services/autonomous-vehicles/california-autonomous-vehicle-regulations/",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "CA",
      "source_label": "California DMV",
      "source_tier": "primary"
    },
    {
      "id": "ca-dmv-2024-draft",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "California",
      "title": "DMV · draft testing and deployment update",
      "summary": "DMV requested public comments on draft changes to Articles 3.7 (testing) and 3.8 (deployment). This was an early draft, not adopted text.",
      "takeaway": "DMV requested public comments on draft changes to Articles 3.7 (testing) and 3.8 (deployment)",
      "instrument": "draft regulation",
      "status": "superseded",
      "date": "2024-08-30",
      "source_url": "https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/vehicle-industry-services/autonomous-vehicles/california-autonomous-vehicle-regulations/",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "CA",
      "source_label": "California DMV",
      "source_tier": "primary"
    },
    {
      "id": "ca-dmv-2025-proposal",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "California",
      "title": "DMV · formal regulatory proposal",
      "summary": "DMV published proposed changes to Articles 3.7 and 3.8 and its initial statement of reasons; the initial comment period ended June 9, 2025.",
      "takeaway": "DMV published proposed changes to Articles 3.7 and 3.8 and its initial statement of reasons; the initial comment period ended June 9, 2025",
      "instrument": "regulatory proposal",
      "status": "superseded",
      "date": "2025-04-25",
      "source_url": "https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/vehicle-industry-services/autonomous-vehicles/california-autonomous-vehicle-regulations/",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "CA",
      "source_label": "California DMV",
      "source_tier": "primary"
    },
    {
      "id": "ca-dmv-2025-modified",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "California",
      "title": "DMV · first modified proposal",
      "summary": "DMV released revised regulatory text for another comment round, which closed December 18, 2025.",
      "takeaway": "DMV released revised regulatory text for another comment round, which closed December 18, 2025",
      "instrument": "modified proposal",
      "status": "superseded",
      "date": "2025-12-03",
      "source_url": "https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/vehicle-industry-services/autonomous-vehicles/california-autonomous-vehicle-regulations/",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "CA",
      "source_label": "California DMV",
      "source_tier": "primary"
    },
    {
      "id": "ca-dmv-2026-modified",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "California",
      "title": "DMV · second modified proposal",
      "summary": "DMV released a second revision of Articles 3.7 and 3.8; comments closed February 5, 2026.",
      "takeaway": "DMV released a second revision of Articles 3.7 and 3.8; comments closed February 5, 2026",
      "instrument": "modified proposal",
      "status": "superseded",
      "date": "2026-01-21",
      "source_url": "https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/vehicle-industry-services/autonomous-vehicles/california-autonomous-vehicle-regulations/",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "CA",
      "source_label": "California DMV",
      "source_tier": "primary"
    },
    {
      "id": "ca-dmv-2026-effective",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "California",
      "title": "DMV · updated testing and deployment rules effective",
      "summary": "The adopted Article 3.7 testing and Article 3.8 deployment updates took effect. Testing data reporting has a 120-day implementation period; deployment reports begin after the first full calendar quarter following the effective date.",
      "takeaway": "The adopted Article 3.7 testing and Article 3.8 deployment updates took effect",
      "instrument": "regulation",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": "2026-04-28",
      "source_url": "https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/about-the-california-department-of-motor-vehicles/california-dmv-rulemaking-actions/",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "CA",
      "source_label": "California DMV",
      "source_tier": "primary"
    },
    {
      "id": "ca-cpuc-2018-pilots",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "California",
      "title": "CPUC · passenger service pilots",
      "summary": "Decision 18-05-043 authorized drivered and driverless test AV passenger service. These pilots require a corresponding DMV testing permit and cannot charge fares.",
      "takeaway": "Decision 18-05-043 authorized drivered and driverless test AV passenger service",
      "instrument": "commission decision",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": "2018-05-31",
      "source_url": "https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/regulatory-services/licensing/transportation-licensing-and-analysis-branch/autonomous-vehicle-programs",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "CA",
      "source_label": "CPUC AV passenger service programs",
      "source_tier": "primary"
    },
    {
      "id": "ca-cpuc-2020-deployment",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "California",
      "title": "CPUC · paid passenger deployment framework",
      "summary": "Decision 20-11-046, as modified by 21-05-017, authorized drivered and driverless paid passenger service programs. Deployment applicants also need a DMV deployment permit; driverless applicants submit a Passenger Safety Plan.",
      "takeaway": "Decision 20-11-046, as modified by 21-05-017, authorized drivered and driverless paid passenger service programs",
      "instrument": "commission decision",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": "2020-11-20",
      "source_url": "https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/regulatory-services/licensing/transportation-licensing-and-analysis-branch/autonomous-vehicle-programs",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "CA",
      "source_label": "CPUC AV passenger service programs",
      "source_tier": "primary"
    },
    {
      "id": "ca-cpuc-2024-reporting",
      "level": "state",
      "jurisdiction": "California",
      "title": "CPUC · enhanced passenger service reporting",
      "summary": "CPUC adopted enhanced AV reporting after a 2023 workshop and public comments, extending oversight of passenger safety and service activity.",
      "takeaway": "CPUC adopted enhanced AV reporting after a 2023 workshop and public comments, extending oversight of passenger safety and service activity",
      "instrument": "commission decision",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": "2024-11-07",
      "source_url": "https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/regulatory-services/licensing/transportation-licensing-and-analysis-branch/autonomous-vehicle-programs",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "CA",
      "source_label": "CPUC AV passenger service programs",
      "source_tier": "primary"
    }
  ],
  "city_events": [
    {
      "id": "nyc-testing-2024",
      "level": "city",
      "jurisdiction": "New York City",
      "title": "NYC DOT AV testing permit",
      "summary": "The city requires its own testing permit on top of the New York State DMV demonstration permit, with a trained human test operator in the driver's seat. This is a testing program, not commercial deployment approval.",
      "takeaway": "The city requires its own testing permit on top of the New York State DMV demonstration permit, with a trained human test operator in the driver's seat",
      "instrument": "permit program",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": "2024-03-28",
      "source_url": "https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/motorist/autonomous-vehicles.shtml",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "NY"
    },
    {
      "id": "seattle-testing-2022",
      "level": "city",
      "jurisdiction": "Seattle",
      "title": "Seattle AV testing permit",
      "summary": "SDOT established a Street Use permit for AV tests, including an onboard test driver and first responder plan. First permits were issued in 2023.",
      "takeaway": "SDOT established a Street Use permit for AV tests, including an onboard test driver and first responder plan",
      "instrument": "permit program",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": "2022",
      "source_url": "https://www.seattle.gov/transportation/projects-and-programs/programs/autonomous-vehicle-testing-permit",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "WA"
    },
    {
      "id": "sf-state-authority",
      "level": "city",
      "jurisdiction": "San Francisco",
      "title": "State-led passenger service oversight",
      "summary": "California DMV permits underlying AV operation and CPUC permits passenger service. SFMTA manages city streets and curb policy and participates in state proceedings; it does not issue the statewide AV passenger permit.",
      "takeaway": "California DMV permits underlying AV operation and CPUC permits passenger service",
      "instrument": "oversight position",
      "status": "current",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.sfmta.com/projects/autonomous-vehicles-avs-san-francisco",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "CA"
    },
    {
      "id": "sf-market-street-2025",
      "level": "city",
      "jurisdiction": "San Francisco",
      "title": "Market Street pickup and drop-off access",
      "summary": "The city began allowing Waymo passenger pickup and drop-off on Market Street under local street-use rules.",
      "takeaway": "The city began allowing Waymo passenger pickup and drop-off on Market Street under local street-use rules",
      "instrument": "street rule",
      "status": "in_effect",
      "date": "2025-04-10",
      "source_url": "https://www.sfmta.com/notices/waymo-market-street-message-director-kirschbaum",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "CA"
    },
    {
      "id": "austin-coordination",
      "level": "city",
      "jurisdiction": "Austin",
      "title": "AV coordination under Texas preemption",
      "summary": "Texas places AV operation oversight with the state. Austin publishes public-safety and street coordination information but does not grant a separate AV operating authorization.",
      "takeaway": "Texas places AV operation oversight with the state",
      "instrument": "oversight position",
      "status": "current",
      "date": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.austintexas.gov/transportation-public-works/autonomous-vehicles",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "TX"
    },
    {
      "id": "boston-testing-history",
      "level": "city",
      "jurisdiction": "Boston",
      "title": "Boston AV testing approach",
      "summary": "Boston's earlier testing approach used a local memorandum of understanding. The city first approved on-street testing in December 2016; its older approval list should not be read as a current permit roster.",
      "takeaway": "Boston's earlier testing approach used a local memorandum of understanding",
      "instrument": "testing framework",
      "status": "historical_status_unverified",
      "date": "2016",
      "source_url": "https://www.boston.gov/departments/new-urban-mechanics/autonomous-vehicles-bostons-approach",
      "verified_at": "2026-09-23",
      "state": "MA",
      "date_precision": "year"
    }
  ]
}